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The Spatial Echo of Inequity: How the 1930s HOLC Grading Designed Contemporary School-District Fiscal Outcomes Across Michigan Metropolitan Areas

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Smart, R. E. (2026). The spatial echo of inequity: How 1930s HOLC grading designed contemporary school-district fiscal outcomes across Michigan metropolitan areas [Research brief]. Tennessee Educational Funding and Policy. https://doi.org/10.66981/tnefp.spatial-echo-michigan.2026

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TENNESSEE EDUCATIONAL FUNDING AND POLICY (TNEFP) is a federally recognized 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit organization and Tennessee Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation. TNEFP is a SAM.gov Registered Entity (UEI: DSL4ZB7NABR9) and an independent research institute eligible to serve as a Prime Recipient for federal assistance awards.

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